Initial studies on animal pain tried to find objective pain markers, such as cortisol and heart rate. We’ve come a long way since then and learned about behaviors and how they are more sensitive to qualify pain. What will the measures be that will dominate the future research on pain in cattle?
The more we can identify pain in animals, the more important becomes the question how it influences the quality of life. When does pain cause suffering and how does that relate to other sources of suffering in an animal’s life?
